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海外TECH	DEV Community	Complete Guide To Make You a Regex Guru	https://dev.to/perssondennis/complete-guide-to-make-you-a-regex-guru-3i1k	Complete Guide To Make You a Regex GuruThis is the second article in a series of regex articles In the first article you can read about common use cases for regex This article explains everything you need to know about regex for daily usage with both examples and cheat sheets An upcoming article will later explain the most advanced use cases of regex which unleashes the real power of regex but which are rarely used In This ArticleExplain Regex Like I m FiveWhat is the Syntax for Regex Most Common Regex FlagsStart and End of RegexesRegular Characters Literal Characters Special Characters Metacharacters Multi Special CharactersList of Regular Characters in RegexList of Special Characters in RegexSpecial TokensQuantifiers Repetition of CharactersCharacter ClassesNegative Character ClassesCombine Character Classes with QuantifiersRegex Groups Or OperatorGreedy ModifierBecome a Regex Sensei Explain Regex Like I m FiveRegex or Regular expressions is a language for searching for and matching patterns in text using special characters to describe the type of characters or sequence of characters you want to find or replace Most fundamental thing to understand about regex is how it works when you don t write any kind of special characters or use any of the regex language specific features In that case each written character in the regex will match the corresponding character in a text if those characters are present in the text just like a regular text search field Results for when searching a text with the regex all gmIn the picture above we can see the exact matches a regex will find in a string for the regex all with the flags g and m It finds a total of six matches in the string Note that the regular expression is only used to find those six matches What we want to do with the matches is up to us A common thing to do is to replace the matched characters with other characters In other case it is only necessary to know whether a text matches a regex or not for example to be able to detect if a user has entered a valid email or not To learn more about what regex is used for please read the previous article in this series Try writing regex on Regex What is the Syntax for Regex Regexes are often defined in between two forward slashes and followed by a few letters Common syntax for a regex someregex igThe slashes only defines that it is a regex we are writing and the trailing letters are called flags which can alter how the regex should be interpreted In some languages we can define regexes in another way For example in JavaScript you can use the RegExp constructor In JavaScript you can define a regex with a regex constructor const myRegex new RegExp someregex i Above is the same as defining a regex with the standard slashes syntax const myRegex someregex i In UIs such as search fields in IDEs it s common to allow regexes by enabling a regex button When doing that you normally don t need to write the surrounding slashes and flags are sometimes possible to edit but not always You can activate regex in VS Code search field with the button with the iconA short note before we continue explaining flags You should be aware of that the regex syntax can differ slightly between implementations in different programming languages They do not all interpret regexes exactly the same but most of them adhere very well to the standard Most Common Regex FlagsThere are many regex flags All languages and editors do not support all of them I will therefore only present the most common ones here which normally is supported The i and the g flag is far most used The s and m flag is also something you will have to use some day but not for certain Flag iThe regex flag i is the easiest flag to understand What it does is to make the regex interpretation case insensitive This means that the regex will match both capital and lower case letters regardless of what you write Without specifying this flag regexes are case sensitive This regex will not find a match in the string Regex explained since Regex explained has a capital R in it regex explained When using the i flag this regex will match Regex explained string regex explained i Flag gAnother very common flag is the g flag short for global That flag tells the regex interpretator to find all matches of the regex expression rather than only finding the first match which it will do without the flag That is best explained with a picture The g flag tells the regex engine to find all possible matches not just the first oneThe tricky part here is probably not to understand what the g flag does but when it matters If you use a regex to only test if a text matches a pattern such as when checking if a text contains your name then the g flag doesn t really matter Regardless of whether you find your name once twice or a thousand times the answer will be that it contains your name The only difference is that the regex engine will have to work harder to find all thousand occurrences If you use the regex for another purpose such as replacing all occurrences of a word in a text then the g flag is something you would want otherwise you would only replace the first occurrence of the word const text What is regex What can you do with regex Without the g flag regex engine will only replace the first match of the regex console log text replace regex love Output What is love What can you do with regex With g flag regex engine will replace all matches of the regex console log text replace regex g love Output What is love What can you do with love Try g flag on Regex Flag ss stands for single line It effectually means that the regex will be treated as a single line even if it contains new lines Normally regexes will not search for matches over multiple lines What it means in regex language is that the dot regex character which means any character can match newline characters n The s flag lets the regex engine ignore new line characters and treats the whole string as a single lineIn the example above the part of the regex means any amount of characters That will be explained more in detail later in the article For now it s sufficient to understand that the s flag allows regexes to stretch over multiple lines Try m flag on Regex Flag mm flag stands for multi line Confusing Didn t we just explain that above when we talked about single line Don t worry no need to raise a white flag While the s flag affects how the dot character is interpreted in a regex the m flag affects how the start and end characters and should be treated Let s move on to talk about them now m flag will be further explained there Wouldn t it be better if they just had worked together Start and End of RegexesWriting a regex that ensures that a string starts and or end with certain characters is a very common use case Regex language uses a caret to express the beginning of a string and a dollar sign to represent the end of a string Normally the start and the end of a regex indicates the start and end of the whole string the regex searches in regardless of the number of lines in the string The m character changes the meaning of the caret and dollar sign so they instead represent the start and end of each line in a regex In practice that means that each newline character n in the searched string will be treated as an end of a line and also a start of a new line The m flag changes the meaning of caret symbol to match the beginning of a line instead of begging of the whole stringNote that we cannot always expect the caret and dollar sign to match start end ends of strings That s probably why regex is such a complex language because it changes meaning of characters dependent on the surrounding characters Let s talk a bit about that to clarify which characters are normal in regex and what all the special characters do Try m flag on Regex Regular Characters Literal Characters Alternative names regular characters literal charactersFlags special characters dots and carets which change meaning with flags Are there no regular characters in regexes Yes There are They are called literal characters and you can safely use those characters without having to worry about them being treated in a strange way Letters a z both in upper cases and lower caseNumbers all numbers to Ya that s about it Wasn t that many after all Just joking there s a lot of them You have amp and for example Actually most characters are regular characters It is easier to learn which characters has a special meaning in regex and then expect every other character to be a regular character Special Characters Metacharacters Alternative names special characters metacharactersThe regex syntax includes quite many special characters which are used by a regex engine to understand the regex These characters are called metacharacters Metacharacter is a general term for a character that has a special meaning to a computer program interpretator or in this case a regex engine One example of a special character is the plus sign character which means that the preceding character should exist one or multiple times see quantifiers section If you want the regex to interpret a special character as the character literal itself you will need to escape it with a backslash character The character means that the character before it should exist at least once Regex bun y will match string buny Regex bun y will match string bunny Regex bun y will match string bunnny Regex bun y will NOT match string buy because one n is required by the sign Regex bun y will NOT match string bu y because the plus character is treated as a metacharacter If you want to match a sign you will need to escape it with a backslash Regex bun y will match string bun y So in short a special character is a character that needs to be escaped if it should be treated as the character itself in a regex If not escaped it will be a part of the regex syntax to describe to the regex engine how to interpret the regex We will soon see a full list of special characters in regex but before that we should look at what I call multi special characters Multi Special CharactersAlternative names special characters metacharactersLet s be honest multi special characters is not an official term it s just something I am making up right now That s because I need a way to differentiate multi purpose special characters from singe purpose special characters The confusing thing with regexes is that special characters aren t always special Other special characters are always special but they change meaning when combined with other special characters That s why I refer to these special characters as multi special special characters which plays many roles in the regex syntax Luckily there are not very many multi special characters One very important one though is the hyphen character It is normally interpreted as a regular hyphen character but when a hyphen is used within a character class square brackets it is instead treated as a range character that defines a range of characters A hyphen in a regex is normally treated as a hyphen literal Regex a d i will match string a d Regex a d i will NOT match the strings a b c or d Within square brackets hyphen is treated as a range character Regex a d i will NOT match strings a or d because the hyphen is in a character class Regex a d i will match the strings a b c and d because a d is treated as a range of characters If you want to match a hyphen in a character class you need to escape it Regex a d i will match strings a and d because hyphen is escaped Meaning of square brackets is explained in detail in character classes section As mentioned before when talking about start and end characters the caret character can also change its meaning in regex Just as the hyphen it behaves differently within square brackets It s then called negative character classes which we will look at later in this article Now answer does multi special characters confuse you No worries You can think of them as any other special character only thing you need to take with you is the knowledge that some special characters can be used for multiple things List of Regular Characters in RegexCharacterCommentLettersLetters a z both in upper case and lower case Language Specific LettersOften supported and treated as regular characters NumbersAll numbers are regular characters amp Ampersand is a regular character in regex At sign is a regular character in regex Comma is a regular character in regex Hashtag is a regular character in regex Percentage sign is a regular character in regex underscore Underscore is a regular character in regex This list isn t complete since there are endless of regular characters If in doubt look in the list of special characters which is a complete list List of Special Characters in RegexEach special character is described in detail in this article This list also refers to the terms lookahead and lookbehinds Those are used for advanced use cases and will be explained in another article CharacterComment hyphen Treated as a hyphen literal or a range character if it s within a character class Will need to be escaped to be treated as a hyphen when it s used in character classes Equal sign is treated as a regular character unless it is used to define a lookahead or lookbehind expression or lt An exclamation mark is a regular character unless it is used to define a negative lookahead or negative lookbehind expression or lt A question mark is a quantifier for an optional character Can also serve as a greedy modifier when it follows a quantifier which is explained at the end of this article Lastly used in lookahead and lookbehind syntax when placed as the first character in a set of parentheses lt or lt Used in syntax for quantifiers and is otherwise treated as regular curly braces Square brackets are the syntax for character classes Backslash is used to escape characters or to write special tokens such as newline character n If you need to match a backslash sign you need to escape it with another backslash Plus sign is a quantifier to tell that the preceding character or should be matched one or more times Asterisk is a quantifier to tell that the preceding character or should be matched zero or more times A dot character is used to match any other character Will only match a single character unless combined with a a quantifier It does not match a newline character unless the s flag is used pipePipe character is used as an or operator Slash i often used to enclose a regex in programming languages It will have to be escaped with a backslash if it should be treated as a slash literal Double quote is treated as a regular character in regex but may need to be escaped in programming languages if the regex is a part of a string that is defined with double quotes Singe quote is treated as a regular character in regex but may need to be escaped in programming languages if the regex is a part of a string that is defined with single quotes lt gt Less than and greater than characters are treated as regular characters unless they are used to define a positive or negative lookbehind expression lt or lt Caret is used to define the start of the string When the m flag is used it matches the start of each line separated by a newline character n Carets are also used in the syntax for negative character classes Dollar sign is used to define the end of a string When the m flag i used it matches the end of each line separated by a newline character n will be treated as the end of a line Parentheses are used to define character groups Special TokensAlternative names special characters metacharactersWhen googling regex you will see people name things differently on every site Therefore you may know special tokens as just metacharacters special characters or just tokens In this article I do call them special tokens because syntactically they look different to the other special characters in regex Looking at the syntax they are kind of the opposite to other special characters because special tokens use the backslash escape character in front of an otherwise normal character literal to make it be interpreted as a special character Below is a list of special tokens As you can see it is possible to write most of them in alternative ways This table is not complete Many special tokens has been omitted here since they are rarely used or seen TokenDescriptionAlternatives dMatches a single digit DOpposite to d Matches any character that isn t a digit wMatches any letter in alphabet any number and underscore a zA Z WOpposite to w Matches any character that is not a number underscore or a letter in the latin alphabet a zA Z sMatches a whitespace characterRegular space character usually works but note that also tabs new lines and a few other whitespace character exist SOpposite to s Matches any character but whitespaceSee s for more info nMatches a newline character rMatches a carriage return character tMatches a horizontal tab character bMatches a word boundary which is the start or end of a word So the regex bex matches ex in example but not the ex in regex One may think whitespace character s would be the same as b but unlike b s doesn t work in the beginning or end of a sentence since there are no whitespaces there BOpposite to b Ensures that it isn t the beginning or end of a word Quantifiers Repetition of CharactersAlternative names occurrence indicators repetition operatorsNormally when writing a character in a regex the regex engine will only match one and exactly one of that character There are some special characters in the regex syntax which can be used to change that behavior These special characters are called quantifiers and are always placed directly after the character it will affect As an example the question mark character means that the previous character should be present or times which basically means that it s an optional character The question mark can for example be used to accept both American and English spelling The question mark quantifier can be used to match a character zero or one time Regex colou r will match the string color Regex colou r will match the string colour Regex colou r will NOT match the string colouur All other quantifiers work in the same way They demand the preceding character to be repeated a certain amount of times CharacterDescriptionExampleMatchNo Match Matches the preceding character zero or one timebun ybuy bunybunny Matches the preceding character zero or more timesbun ybuy buny bunny Matches the preceding character one or more timesbun ybuny bunnybuy Matches the preceding character exactly two timesbun ybunnybuy buny bunnny Matches the preceding character two to four timesbun ybunny bunnny bunnnnybuy buny bunnnnny Matches the preceding character two or more timesbun ybunny bunnny bunnnny bunnnnnybuy buny Character ClassesAlternative names bracket expressionsSyntax Character classes is a very important part of regex It allows you do declare a set of characters to match instead of specifying one exact character to match To use it write all alternative characters within square brackets One and only one of the characters in a character group will be matched Regex optimi sz ation will match both optimization and optimisation Regex optimi sz ation will NOT match optimiation because either s or z is required Regex optimi sz ation will NOT match optimiszation because only one of s and z is allowed In the example above you can see that when a character class is defined a regex engine will only accept one of the characters in the group to be present If you would want to match more than one of the characters you can combine it with a quantifier Combine a character class with a quantifier if you want to accept more than one of the characters within the group to be matched Regex m isp will match mississippi Regex m isp will match miss Regex m isp will NOT match sim because m must be placed before i s and p In many cases you may want to put a lot of characters into a character class Declaring all of them can be cumbersome though In that case you can define a range of characters in the character class The syntax for a range is two characters with a hyphen in between them such as a z and Regex a z will match any one character in the alphabet Regex a z will NOT match a number Regex a z will NOT match a whitespace character Regex a z will match any characters in the alphabet one or multiple i e a word Regex a a z will match any word starting with the letter a Regex a a z a will match any word starting and ending with an a Regex a a z a will NOT match a hyena because whitespace is not included in the character class Regex a a z a will match a hyena because whitespace is now included in the character class Regex a a z s a will match a hyena because s represents a whitespace character You can define any number of ranges in a character group just add them as you need Regex will match one of the integers and Regex will match one of the integers Regex is the same as above just a suspicious way to write it Regex will NOT match any of the integer or Regex a z will match any lower case letter or any integer Regex A Ceg will match any of the characters A B C e and g Remember that regexes are case sensitive without the i flag Regex a z will match any lower case letter Regex A Z will match any upper case letter Regex a zA Z will match any letter upper or lower case Regex a z i will match any letter upper or lower case because the i flag is specified Now do you remember reading about multi special characters Characters which can both behave as a regular character and a special character A hyphen is one of those Most often it is treated as a normal character but within a character class it is instead used as the range syntax This also means that you will have to escape the hyphen character if you would want the character class to use it to find matches Regex a c will match aaa abc acb and cccccc Regex a c will match NOT matchc a a because it contains a hyphen Regex a c will match a a a c and c a because the hyphen is escaped and treated as a hyphen character Regex a c will NOT match abc because the hyphen is not a range character so b is not included in the character class Regex a c will match a a and abc because we both have a regular hyphen and a range character in the character class Regex a cd will match a c and a d because a hyphen outside a character class is treated as a hyphen Regex a cd will NOT match ac or ad because the hyphen is required You will use character classes a lot when writing regex Although most of the times you will use the same ones over and over again The ranges a z A Z and is very common to use in regexes especially when they are combined with quantifiers to match any word or sequences of words Regex a z will match any word but no whitespaces Regex a z s will match multiple words Regex the a z s green will match any text that starts with the and ends with green Observant readers may have noticed that I used the special token s as a replacement for a whitespace within a character group in one of the examples here above You can use the special tokens within character classes as normal just as you would use them outside of a character class Regex a scobra will match a cobra Regex a scobra will NOT match acobra because the whitespace is required Regex a abcor s will match a cobra Regex a abcor s will match acobra because the whitespace is not required Negative Character ClassesAlternative names negative bracket expressionsSyntax When you write a caret at beginning of a character class it will be treated as a negative character class Negative character classes are the opposite to character classes They work in the same way as character classes but instead of declaring which characters to be present it instead defines which characters that must no be present Regex pineapple will match pineapple Regex pin e apple will match pineapple Regex pin e apple will NOT match pineapple because the letter e is not allowed between n and a Regex pin e apple will match pinkapple because it is only the e between the n and a that is forbidden Combine Character Classes with QuantifiersJust as with regular character literals and special tokens character classes only substitutes a single character unless combined with a quantifiers Regex will match or but NOT Regex will match but NOT or Regex will match but NOT or Regex will match or Regex will match a three digit number starting with or Regex will match a phone number on format XX XXXXXXX Regex will match any binary number Regex Groups Or OperatorGroups is one of the most difficult things to understand with regex and they are rarely needed in daily work For that reason they will be explained in the next article in this regex series Right now we will satisfy by look at a simple and very frequent use case of it to include only one of two or more words in regex To do that we use the or operator the pipeline character Regex a b c will match ac or bc but NOT abc Regex a b c will NOT match c because a or b is required Regex optimi s z ation will match optimisation or optimization Regex red blue will match red or blue but NOT redblue or lue Regex red blue color will match red color or blue color but NOT color Greedy ModifierAlternative names greedy quantifier greedy operatorWe have already seen that the question mark symbol can be used as a quantifier to specify that the preceding character shall be matched zero or one times The question mark has another important usage in regex though it is also used as the greedy modifier which makes a quantifier lazy instead of greedy Normally quantifiers are greedy This means that they will try to match as many characters as possible If the greedy modifier is added after a quantifier that quantifier will instead match as few characters as possible The greedy modifier makes the preceding character match as few characters as possibleTry greedy modifier on Regex Become a Regex SenseiWe have now went through almost everything there is to know about regex syntax There are a few things left to know to take the step from regex expert to ninja Those things will be covered in an upcoming article If you enjoy regex and puzzle games you can the programmer puzzle game at my website Regex will be needed to know for the more advanced levels	2023-01-15 15:33:00
Apple	AppleInsider - Frontpage News	Apple plans microLED displays in everything after 2024 Apple Watch Ultra update	https://appleinsider.com/articles/23/01/15/apple-plans-microled-displays-in-everything-after-2024-apple-watch-ultra-update?utm_medium=rss	Apple plans microLED displays in everything after Apple Watch Ultra updateApple s use of microLED will explode to its entire product line after an update to the Apple Watch Ultra in Apple Watch UltraApple has been developing its microLED display technology for quite a few years and is anticipated to use it in an update to the Apple Watch Ultra in late Beyond then the company may add the same tech to the rest of its product catalog including its iPhone iPad and Mac lineup Read more	2023-01-15 15:13:09
海外TECH	Engadget	Hitting the Books: How to build a music recommendation 'information-space-beast'	https://www.engadget.com/hitting-the-books-computing-taste-nick-seaver-university-of-chicago-press-153010545.html?src=rss	Hitting the Books How to build a music recommendation x information space beast x As of October singers songwriters and music makers are uploading new songs every day to streaming services like Spotify That is too much music There s no reality alternate or otherwise wherein someone could conceivably listen to all that even in a thousand lifetimes Whether you re into Japanese noise Russian hardcore Senegalese afro house Swedish doom metal or Bay Area hip hop the sheer scale of available listening options is paralyzing It s a monumental problem that data scientist Glenn McDonald is working to solve In the excerpt below from Computing Taste Algorithms and the Makers of Music Recommendation author and Tuft s University anthropologist Nick Seaver explores McDonald s unique landscape based methodology for surfacing all the tracks you never knew you couldn t live without nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp University of Chicago PressReprinted with permission from Computing Taste Algorithms and the Makers of Music Recommendation by Nick Seaver published by The University of Chicago Press by The University of Chicago All rights reserved The World of Music“We are now at the dawn of the age of infinitely connected music the data alchemist announced from beneath the Space Needle Glenn McDonald had chosen his title himself preferring “alchemy with its esoteric associations over the now ordinary “data science His job as he described it from the stage was “to use math and typing and computers to help people understand and discover music nbsp McDonald practiced his alchemy for the music streaming service Spotify where he worked to transmute the base stuff of big data ーlogs of listener interactions bits of digital audio files and whatever else he could get his hands on ーinto valuable gold products that might attract and retain paying customers The mysterious power of McDonald s alchemy lay in the way that ordinary data if processed correctly appeared to transform from thin interactional traces into thick cultural significance It was and McDonald was presenting at the Pop Conference an annual gathering of music critics and academics held in a crumpled Frank Gehry designed heap of a building in the center of Seattle I was on the other side of the country and I followed along online That year the conference s theme was “Music and Mobility and Mc Donald started his talk by narrating his personal musical journey playing samples as he went “When I was a kid he began “you discovered music by holding still and waiting As a child at home he listened to the folk music his parents played on the stereo But as he grew up his listening expanded the car radio offered heavy metal and new wave the internet revealed a world of new and obscure genres to explore Where once he had been stuck in place a passive observer of music that happened to go by he would eventually measure the progress of his life by his ever broadening musical horizons McDonald had managed to turn this passion into a profession working to help others explore what he called “the world of music which on demand streaming services had made more accessible than ever before Elsewhere McDonald would describe the world of music as though it were a landscape “Follow any path no matter how unlikely and untrodden it appears and you ll find a hidden valley with a hundred bands who ve lived there for years reconstructing the music world in methodically and idiosyncratically altered miniature as in Australian hip hop Hungarian pop microhouse or Viking metal nbsp Travelers through the world of music would find familiarity and surprise ーsounds they never would have imagined and songs they adored McDonald marveled at this new ability to hear music from around the world from Scotland Australia or Malawi “The perfect music for you may come from the other side of the planet he said but this was not a problem “in music we have the teleporter On demand streaming provided a kind of musical mobility which allowed listeners to travel across the world of music instantaneously However he suggested repeating the common refrain the scale of this world could be overwhelming and hard to navigate “For this new world to actually be appreciable McDonald said “we have to find ways to map this space and then build machines to take you through it along interesting paths The recommender systems offered by companies like Spotify were the machines McDonald s recent work had focused on the maps or as he described them in another talk a “kind of thin layer of vaguely intelligible order over the writhing surging insatiably expanding information space beast of all the world s music Although his language may have been unusually poetic McDonald was expressing an understanding of musical variety that is widely shared among the makers of music recommendation Music exists in a kind of space That space is in one sense fairly ordinary ーlike a landscape that you might walk through encountering new things as you go But in another sense this space is deeply weird behind the valleys and hills there is a writhing surging beast constantly growing and tying points in the space together infinitely connected The music space can seem as natural as the mountains visible from the top of the Space Needle but it can also seem like the man made topological jumble at its base It is organic and intuitive it is technological and chaotic Spatial metaphors provide a dominant language for thinking about differences among the makers of music recommendation as they do in machine learning and among Euro American cultures more generally Within these contexts it is easy to imagine certain similar things as gathered over here while other different things cluster over there In conversations with engineers it is very common to find the music space summoned into existence through gestures which envelop the speakers in an imaginary environment populated by brief pinches in the air and organized by waves of the hand One genre is on your left another on your right On whiteboards and windows scattered around the office you might find the music space rendered in two dimensions containing an array of points that cluster and spread across the plane In the music space music that is similar is nearby If you find yourself within such a space you should be surrounded by music that you like To find more of it you need only to look around you and move In the music space genres are like regions playlists are like pathways and tastes are like drifting archipelagic territories Your new favorite song may lie just over the horizon But despite their familiarity spaces like these are strange similarities can be found anywhere and points that seemed far apart might suddenly become adjacent If you ask you will learn that all of these spatial representations are mere reductions of something much more complex of a space comprising not two or three dimensions but potentially thousands of them This is McDonald s information space beast a mathematical abstraction that stretches human spatial intuitions past their breaking point Spaces like these generically called “similarity spaces are the symbolic terrain on which most machine learning works To classify data points or recommend items machine learning systems typically locate them in spaces gather them into clusters measure distances among them and draw boundaries between them Machine learning as the cultural theorist Adrian Mackenzie has argued “renders all differences as distances and directions of movement So while the music space is in one sense an informal metaphor the landscape of musical variation in another sense it is a highly technical formal object the mathematical substrate of algorithmic recommendation Spatial understandings of data travel through technical infrastructures and everyday conversation they are at once a form of metaphorical expression and a concrete computational practice In other words “space here is both a formalism ーa restricted technical concept that facilitates precision through abstraction ーand what the anthropologist Stefan Helmreich calls an informalism ーa less disciplined metaphor that travels alongside formal techniques In practice it is often hard or impossible to separate technical specificity from its metaphorical accompaniment When the makers of music recommendation speak of space they speak at once figuratively and technically For many critics this “geometric rationality Blanke of machine learning makes it anathema to “culture per se it quantifies qualities rationalizes passions and plucks cultural objects from their everyday social contexts to relocate them in the sterile isolation of a computational grid Mainstream cultural anthropology for instance has long defined itself in opposition to formalisms like these which seem to lack the thickness sensitivity or adequacy to lived experience that we seek through ethnography As the political theorists Louise Amoore and Volha Piotukh suggest such analytics “reduce heterogeneous forms of life and data to homogeneous spaces of calculation To use the geographer Henri Lefebvre s terms similarity spaces are clear examples of “abstract space ーa kind of representational space in which everything is measurable and quantified controlled by central authorities in the service of capital The media theorist Robert Prey applying Lefebvre s framework to streaming music suggests that people like McDonald ー“data analysts programmers and engineers ーare primarily concerned with the abstract conceived space of calculation and measurement Conceived space in Lefebvrian thought is parasitic on social lived space which Prey associates with the listeners who resist and reinterpret the work of technologists The spread of abstract space under capitalism portends in this framework “the devastating conquest of the lived by the conceived Wilson But for the people who work with it the music space does not feel like a sterile grid even at its most mathematical The makers of music recommendation do not limit themselves to the refined abstractions of conceived space Over the course of their training they learn to experience the music space as ordinary and inhabitable despite its underlying strangeness The music space is as intuitive as a landscape to be walked across and as alien as a complex highly dimensional object of engineering To use an often problematized distinction from cultural geography they treat “space like “place as though the abstract homogeneous grid were a kind of livable local environment Similarity spaces are the result of many decisions they are by no means natural and people like McDonald are aware that the choices they make can profoundly rearrange them Yet spatial metaphorizing moving across speech gesture illustration and computation helps make the patterns in cultural data feel real A confusion between maps and territoriesーbetween malleable representations and objective terrainsーis productive for people who are at once interested in creating objective knowledge and concerned with accounting for their own subjective influence on the process These spatial understandings alter the meaning of musical concepts like genre or social phenomena like taste rendering them as forms of clustering	2023-01-15 15:30:10
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